======================================================================== * Doc/README.txt ======================================================================== Python Documentation README ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This directory contains the reStructuredText (reST) sources to the Python documentation. You don't need to build them yourself, prebuilt versions are available at http://docs.python.org/download/. Documentation on the authoring Python documentation, including information about both style and markup, is available in the "Documenting Python" chapter of the documentation. There's also a chapter intended to point out differences to those familiar with the previous docs written in LaTeX. Building the docs ================= You need to have Python 2.4 or higher installed; the toolset used to build the docs is written in Python. It is called *Sphinx*, it is not included in this tree, but maintained separately. Also needed are the docutils, supplying the base markup that Sphinx uses, Jinja, a templating engine, and optionally Pygments, a code highlighter. Using make ---------- Luckily, a Makefile has been prepared so that on Unix, provided you have installed Python and Subversion, you can just run :: make html to check out the necessary toolset in the `tools/` subdirectory and build the HTML output files. To view the generated HTML, point your favorite browser at the top-level index `build/html/index.html` after running "make". Available make targets are: * "html", which builds standalone HTML files for offline viewing. * "htmlhelp", which builds HTML files and a HTML Help project file usable to convert them into a single Compiled HTML (.chm) file -- these are popular under Microsoft Windows, but very handy on every platform. To create the CHM file, you need to run the Microsoft HTML Help Workshop over the generated project (.hhp) file. * "latex", which builds LaTeX source files as input to "pdflatex" to produce PDF documents. * "text", which builds a plain text file for each source file. * "linkcheck", which checks all external references to see whether they are broken, redirected or malformed, and outputs this information to stdout as well as a plain-text (.txt) file. * "changes", which builds an overview over all versionadded/versionchanged/ deprecated items in the current version. This is meant as a help for the writer of the "What's New" document. * "coverage", which builds a coverage overview for standard library modules and C API. * "pydoc-topics", which builds a Python module containing a dictionary with plain text documentation for the labels defined in `tools/sphinxext/pyspecific.py` -- pydoc needs these to show topic and keyword help. A "make update" updates the Subversion checkouts in `tools/`. Without make ------------ You'll need to install the Sphinx package, either by checking it out via :: svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Sphinx-0.6.7/sphinx tools/sphinx or by installing it from PyPI. Then, you need to install Docutils, either by checking it out via :: svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/docutils-0.6/docutils tools/docutils or by installing it from http://docutils.sf.net/. You also need Jinja2, either by checking it out via :: svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Jinja-2.3.1/jinja2 tools/jinja2 or by installing it from PyPI. You can optionally also install Pygments, either as a checkout via :: svn co http://svn.python.org/projects/external/Pygments-1.3.1/pygments tools/pygments or from PyPI at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pygments. Then, make an output directory, e.g. under `build/`, and run :: python tools/sphinx-build.py -b . build/ where `` is one of html, text, latex, or htmlhelp (for explanations see the make targets above). Contributing ============ Bugs in the content should be reported to the Python bug tracker at http://bugs.python.org. Bugs in the toolset should be reported in the Sphinx bug tracker at http://www.bitbucket.org/birkenfeld/sphinx/issues/. You can also send a mail to the Python Documentation Team at docs@python.org, and we will process your request as soon as possible. If you want to help the Documentation Team, you are always welcome. Just send a mail to docs@python.org. Copyright notice ================ The Python source is copyrighted, but you can freely use and copy it as long as you don't change or remove the copyright notice: ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright (c) 2000-2013 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2000 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. See the file "license.rst" for information on usage and redistribution of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ======================================================================== * Modules/zlib/README ======================================================================== ZLIB DATA COMPRESSION LIBRARY zlib 1.2.3 is a general purpose data compression library. All the code is thread safe. The data format used by the zlib library is described by RFCs (Request for Comments) 1950 to 1952 in the files http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1950.txt (zlib format), rfc1951.txt (deflate format) and rfc1952.txt (gzip format). These documents are also available in other formats from ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/png/documents/zlib/zdoc-index.html All functions of the compression library are documented in the file zlib.h (volunteer to write man pages welcome, contact zlib@gzip.org). A usage example of the library is given in the file example.c which also tests that the library is working correctly. Another example is given in the file minigzip.c. The compression library itself is composed of all source files except example.c and minigzip.c. To compile all files and run the test program, follow the instructions given at the top of Makefile. In short "make test; make install" should work for most machines. For Unix: "./configure; make test; make install". For MSDOS, use one of the special makefiles such as Makefile.msc. For VMS, use make_vms.com. Questions about zlib should be sent to , or to Gilles Vollant for the Windows DLL version. The zlib home page is http://www.zlib.org or http://www.gzip.org/zlib/ Before reporting a problem, please check this site to verify that you have the latest version of zlib; otherwise get the latest version and check whether the problem still exists or not. PLEASE read the zlib FAQ http://www.gzip.org/zlib/zlib_faq.html before asking for help. Mark Nelson wrote an article about zlib for the Jan. 1997 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal; a copy of the article is available in http://dogma.net/markn/articles/zlibtool/zlibtool.htm The changes made in version 1.2.3 are documented in the file ChangeLog. Unsupported third party contributions are provided in directory "contrib". A Java implementation of zlib is available in the Java Development Kit http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/java/util/zip/package-summary.html See the zlib home page http://www.zlib.org for details. A Perl interface to zlib written by Paul Marquess is in the CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) sites http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-module/Compress/ A Python interface to zlib written by A.M. Kuchling is available in Python 1.5 and later versions, see http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-zlib.html A zlib binding for TCL written by Andreas Kupries is availlable at http://www.oche.de/~akupries/soft/trf/trf_zip.html An experimental package to read and write files in .zip format, written on top of zlib by Gilles Vollant , is available in the contrib/minizip directory of zlib. Notes for some targets: - For Windows DLL versions, please see win32/DLL_FAQ.txt - For 64-bit Irix, deflate.c must be compiled without any optimization. With -O, one libpng test fails. The test works in 32 bit mode (with the -n32 compiler flag). The compiler bug has been reported to SGI. - zlib doesn't work with gcc 2.6.3 on a DEC 3000/300LX under OSF/1 2.1 it works when compiled with cc. - On Digital Unix 4.0D (formely OSF/1) on AlphaServer, the cc option -std1 is necessary to get gzprintf working correctly. This is done by configure. - zlib doesn't work on HP-UX 9.05 with some versions of /bin/cc. It works with other compilers. Use "make test" to check your compiler. - gzdopen is not supported on RISCOS, BEOS and by some Mac compilers. - For PalmOs, see http://palmzlib.sourceforge.net/ - When building a shared, i.e. dynamic library on Mac OS X, the library must be installed before testing (do "make install" before "make test"), since the library location is specified in the library. Acknowledgments: The deflate format used by zlib was defined by Phil Katz. The deflate and zlib specifications were written by L. Peter Deutsch. Thanks to all the people who reported problems and suggested various improvements in zlib; they are too numerous to cite here. Copyright notice: (C) 1995-2004 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu If you use the zlib library in a product, we would appreciate *not* receiving lengthy legal documents to sign. The sources are provided for free but without warranty of any kind. The library has been entirely written by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler; it does not include third-party code. If you redistribute modified sources, we would appreciate that you include in the file ChangeLog history information documenting your changes. Please read the FAQ for more information on the distribution of modified source versions. ======================================================================== * README ======================================================================== This is Python version 2.7.5 ============================ Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. License information ------------------- See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. This Python distribution contains no GNU General Public Licensed (GPLed) code so it may be used in proprietary projects just like prior Python distributions. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely optional. All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective holders. What's new in this release? --------------------------- See the file "Misc/NEWS". If you don't read instructions ------------------------------ Congratulations on getting this far. :-) To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the current directory and when it finishes, type "make". This creates an executable "./python"; to install in /usr/local, first do "su root" and then "make install". The section `Build instructions' below is still recommended reading. What is Python anyway? ---------------------- Python is an interpreted, interactive object-oriented programming language suitable (amongst other uses) for distributed application development, scripting, numeric computing and system testing. Python is often compared to Tcl, Perl, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic or Scheme. To find out more about what Python can do for you, point your browser to http://www.python.org/. How do I learn Python? ---------------------- The official tutorial is still a good place to start; see http://docs.python.org/ for online and downloadable versions, as well as a list of other introductions, and reference documentation. There's a quickly growing set of books on Python. See http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks for a list. Documentation ------------- All documentation is provided online in a variety of formats. In order of importance for new users: Tutorial, Library Reference, Language Reference, Extending & Embedding, and the Python/C API. The Library Reference is especially of immense value since much of Python's power is described there, including the built-in data types and functions! All documentation is also available online at the Python web site (http://docs.python.org/, see below). It is available online for occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster access. The documentation is downloadable in HTML, PostScript, PDF, LaTeX, and reStructuredText (2.6+) formats; the LaTeX and reStructuredText versions are primarily for documentation authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements. Web sites --------- New Python releases and related technologies are published at http://www.python.org/. Come visit us! Newsgroups and Mailing Lists ---------------------------- Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as mailing lists: see http://www.python.org/community/lists/ for an overview of these and many other Python-related mailing lists. Archives are accessible via the Google Groups Usenet archive; see http://groups.google.com/. The mailing lists are also archived, see http://www.python.org/community/lists/ for details. Bug reports ----------- To report or search for bugs, please use the Python Bug Tracker at http://bugs.python.org/. Patches and contributions ------------------------- To submit a patch or other contribution, please use the Python Patch Manager at http://bugs.python.org/. Guidelines for patch submission may be found at http://www.python.org/dev/patches/. If you have a proposal to change Python, you may want to send an email to the comp.lang.python or python-ideas mailing lists for inital feedback. A Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground. All current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at http://www.python.org/dev/peps/. Questions --------- For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or mailing list, send questions to help@python.org (a group of volunteers who answer questions as they can). The newsgroup is the most efficient way to ask public questions. Build instructions ================== Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. Fortunately, the configuration and build process has been automated for Unix and Linux installations, so all you usually have to do is type a few commands and sit back. There are some platforms where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform specific notes below. If you want to build for multiple platforms sharing the same source tree, see the section on VPATH below. Start by running the script "./configure", which determines your system configuration and creates the Makefile. (It takes a minute or two -- please be patient!) You may want to pass options to the configure script -- see the section below on configuration options and variables. When it's done, you are ready to run make. To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. If you have changed the configuration, the Makefile may have to be rebuilt. In this case, you may have to run make again to correctly build your desired target. The interpreter executable is built in the top level directory. Once you have built a Python interpreter, see the subsections below on testing and installation. If you run into trouble, see the next section. Previous versions of Python used a manual configuration process that involved editing the file Modules/Setup. While this file still exists and manual configuration is still supported, it is rarely needed any more: almost all modules are automatically built as appropriate under guidance of the setup.py script, which is run by Make after the interpreter has been built. Troubleshooting --------------- See also the platform specific notes in the next section. If you run into other trouble, see the FAQ (http://www.python.org/doc/faq/) for hints on what can go wrong, and how to fix it. If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report! If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that should be there, inspect the config.log file. If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know whether this option is needed; all we can do is test whether it is accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c, which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from the OPT variable. If you get failures in test_long, or sys.maxint gets set to -1, you are probably experiencing compiler bugs, usually related to optimization. This is a common problem with some versions of gcc, and some vendor-supplied compilers, which can sometimes be worked around by turning off optimization. Consider switching to stable versions (gcc 2.95.2, gcc 3.x, or contact your vendor.) From Python 2.0 onward, all Python C code is ANSI C. Compiling using old K&R-C-only compilers is no longer possible. ANSI C compilers are available for all modern systems, either in the form of updated compilers from the vendor, or one of the free compilers (gcc). If "make install" fails mysteriously during the "compiling the library" step, make sure that you don't have any of the PYTHONPATH or PYTHONHOME environment variables set, as they may interfere with the newly built executable which is compiling the library. Unsupported systems ------------------- A number of systems are not supported in Python 2.7 anymore. Some support code is still present, but will be removed in later versions. If you still need to use current Python versions on these systems, please send a message to python-dev@python.org indicating that you volunteer to support this system. For a more detailed discussion regarding no-longer-supported and resupporting platforms, as well as a list of platforms that became or will be unsupported, see PEP 11. More specifically, the following systems are not supported any longer: - SunOS 4 - DYNIX - dgux - Minix - NeXT - Irix 4 and --with-sgi-dl - Linux 1 - Systems defining __d6_pthread_create (configure.ac) - Systems defining PY_PTHREAD_D4, PY_PTHREAD_D6, or PY_PTHREAD_D7 in thread_pthread.h - Systems using --with-dl-dld - Systems using --without-universal-newlines - MacOS 9 - Systems using --with-wctype-functions - Win9x, WinME Platform specific notes ----------------------- (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here, submit a documentation bug report to SourceForge (see Bug Reports above) so we can remove them!) Unix platforms: If your vendor still ships (and you still use) Berkeley DB 1.85 you will need to edit Modules/Setup to build the bsddb185 module and add a line to sitecustomize.py which makes it the default. In Modules/Setup a line like bsddb185 bsddbmodule.c should work. (You may need to add -I, -L or -l flags to direct the compiler and linker to your include files and libraries.) XXX I think this next bit is out of date: 64-bit platforms: The modules audioop, and imageop don't work. The setup.py script disables them on 64-bit installations. Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a fix, let us know!) Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as the "CC" environment variable when running the configure script). When using GCC on Solaris, beware of binutils 2.13 or GCC versions built using it. This mistakenly enables the -zcombreloc option which creates broken shared libraries on Solaris. binutils 2.12 works, and the binutils maintainers are aware of the problem. Binutils 2.13.1 only partially fixed things. It appears that 2.13.2 solves the problem completely. This problem is known to occur with Solaris 2.7 and 2.8, but may also affect earlier and later versions of the OS. When the dynamic loader complains about errors finding shared libraries, such as ld.so.1: ./python: fatal: libstdc++.so.5: open failed: No such file or directory you need to first make sure that the library is available on your system. Then, you need to instruct the dynamic loader how to find it. You can choose any of the following strategies: 1. When compiling Python, set LD_RUN_PATH to the directories containing missing libraries. 2. When running Python, set LD_LIBRARY_PATH to these directories. 3. Use crle(8) to extend the search path of the loader. 4. Modify the installed GCC specs file, adding -R options into the *link: section. The complex object fails to compile on Solaris 10 with gcc 3.4 (at least up to 3.4.3). To work around it, define Py_HUGE_VAL as HUGE_VAL(), e.g.: make CPPFLAGS='-D"Py_HUGE_VAL=HUGE_VAL()" -I. -I$(srcdir)/Include' ./python setup.py CPPFLAGS='-D"Py_HUGE_VAL=HUGE_VAL()"' Linux: A problem with threads and fork() was tracked down to a bug in the pthreads code in glibc version 2.0.5; glibc version 2.0.7 solves the problem. This causes the popen2 test to fail; problem and solution reported by Pablo Bleyer. Red Hat Linux: Red Hat 9 built Python2.2 in UCS-4 mode and hacked Tcl to support it. To compile Python2.3 with Tkinter, you will need to pass --enable-unicode=ucs4 flag to ./configure. There's an executable /usr/bin/python which is Python 1.5.2 on most older Red Hat installations; several key Red Hat tools require this version. Python 2.1.x may be installed as /usr/bin/python2. The Makefile installs Python as /usr/local/bin/python, which may or may not take precedence over /usr/bin/python, depending on how you have set up $PATH. FreeBSD 3.x and probably platforms with NCurses that use libmytinfo or similar: When using cursesmodule, the linking is not done in the correct order with the defaults. Remove "-ltermcap" from the readline entry in Setup, and use as curses entry: "curses cursesmodule.c -lmytinfo -lncurses -ltermcap" - "mytinfo" (so called on FreeBSD) should be the name of the auxiliary library required on your platform. Normally, it would be linked automatically, but not necessarily in the correct order. BSDI: BSDI versions before 4.1 have known problems with threads, which can cause strange errors in a number of modules (for instance, the 'test_signal' test script will hang forever.) Turning off threads (with --with-threads=no) or upgrading to BSDI 4.1 solves this problem. DEC Unix: Run configure with --with-dec-threads, or with --with-threads=no if no threads are desired (threads are on by default). When using GCC, it is possible to get an internal compiler error if optimization is used. This was reported for GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile the affected file without optimization to solve the problem. DEC Ultrix: compile with GCC to avoid bugs in the native compiler, and pass SHELL=/bin/sh5 to Make when installing. AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done. (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases has been worked around by a minimal code change.) If you get errors about pthread_* functions, during compile or during testing, try setting CC to a thread-safe (reentrant) compiler, like "cc_r". For full C++ module support, set CC="xlC_r" (or CC="xlC" without thread support). AIX 5.3: To build a 64-bit version with IBM's compiler, I used the following: export PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/vacpp/bin ./configure --with-gcc="xlc_r -q64" --with-cxx="xlC_r -q64" \ --disable-ipv6 AR="ar -X64" make HP-UX: When using threading, you may have to add -D_REENTRANT to the OPT variable in the top-level Makefile; reported by Pat Knight, this seems to make a difference (at least for HP-UX 10.20) even though pyconfig.h defines it. This seems unnecessary when using HP/UX 11 and later - threading seems to work "out of the box". HP-UX ia64: When building on the ia64 (Itanium) platform using HP's compiler, some experience has shown that the compiler's optimiser produces a completely broken version of python (see http://bugs.python.org/814976). To work around this, edit the Makefile and remove -O from the OPT line. To build a 64-bit executable on an Itanium 2 system using HP's compiler, use these environment variables: CC=cc CXX=aCC BASECFLAGS="+DD64" LDFLAGS="+DD64 -lxnet" and call configure as: ./configure --without-gcc then *unset* the environment variables again before running make. (At least one of these flags causes the build to fail if it remains set.) You still have to edit the Makefile and remove -O from the OPT line. HP PA-RISC 2.0: A recent bug report (http://bugs.python.org/546117) suggests that the C compiler in this 64-bit system has bugs in the optimizer that break Python. Compiling without optimization solves the problems. SCO: The following apply to SCO 3 only; Python builds out of the box on SCO 5 (or so we've heard). 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken. Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined. 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS needed be set to: LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i' UnixWare: There are known bugs in the math library of the system, as well as problems in the handling of threads (calling fork in one thread may interrupt system calls in others). Therefore, test_math and tests involving threads will fail until those problems are fixed. QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes: configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build, test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX: 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \ ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm="" 2) edit Modules/Setup to activate everything that makes sense for your system... tested here at QNX with the following modules: array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath, crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop, _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre, posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct, syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash or, if you feel the need for speed: make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt" 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\ 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k BeOS: See Misc/BeOS-NOTES for notes about compiling/installing Python on BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4. Cray T3E: Mark Hadfield (m.hadfield@niwa.co.nz) writes: Python can be built satisfactorily on a Cray T3E but based on my experience with the NIWA T3E (2002-05-22, version 2.2.1) there are a few bugs and gotchas. For more information see a thread on comp.lang.python in May 2002 entitled "Building Python on Cray T3E". 1) Use Cray's cc and not gcc. The latter was reported not to work by Konrad Hinsen. It may work now, but it may not. 2) To set sys.platform to something sensible, pass the following environment variable to the configure script: MACHDEP=unicosmk 2) Run configure with option "--enable-unicode=ucs4". 3) The Cray T3E does not support dynamic linking, so extension modules have to be built by adding (or uncommenting) lines in Modules/Setup. The minimum set of modules is posix, new, _sre, unicodedata On NIWA's vanilla T3E system the following have also been included successfully: _codecs, _locale, _socket, _symtable, _testcapi, _weakref array, binascii, cmath, cPickle, crypt, cStringIO, dbm errno, fcntl, grp, math, md5, operator, parser, pcre, pwd regex, rotor, select, struct, strop, syslog, termios time, timing, xreadlines 4) Once the python executable and library have been built, make will execute setup.py, which will attempt to build remaining extensions and link them dynamically. Each of these attempts will fail but should not halt the make process. This is normal. 5) Running "make test" uses a lot of resources and causes problems on our system. You might want to try running tests singly or in small groups. SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make) does not check whether a command actually changed the file it is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make" it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much smarter "smake" utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make). WARNING: There are bugs in the optimizer of some versions of SGI's compilers that can cause bus errors or other strange behavior, especially on numerical operations. To avoid this, try building with "make OPT=". OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++ compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE. Reliant UNIX: The thread support does not compile on Reliant UNIX, and there is a (minor) problem in the configure script for that platform as well. This should be resolved in time for a future release. MacOSX: The tests will crash on both 10.1 and 10.2 with SEGV in test_re and test_sre due to the small default stack size. If you set the stack size to 2048 before doing a "make test" the failure can be avoided. If you're using the tcsh or csh shells, use "limit stacksize 2048" and for the bash shell (the default as of OSX 10.3), use "ulimit -s 2048". On naked Darwin you may want to add the configure option "--disable-toolbox-glue" to disable the glue code for the Carbon interface modules. The modules themselves are currently only built if you add the --enable-framework option, see below. On a clean OSX /usr/local does not exist. Do a "sudo mkdir -m 775 /usr/local" before you do a make install. It is probably not a good idea to do "sudo make install" which installs everything as superuser, as this may later cause problems when installing distutils-based additions. Some people have reported problems building Python after using "fink" to install additional unix software. Disabling fink (remove all references to /sw from your .profile or .login) should solve this. You may want to try the configure option "--enable-framework" which installs Python as a framework. The location can be set as argument to the --enable-framework option (default /Library/Frameworks). A framework install is probably needed if you want to use any Aqua-based GUI toolkit (whether Tkinter, wxPython, Carbon, Cocoa or anything else). You may also want to try the configure option "--enable-universalsdk" which builds Python as a universal binary with support for the i386 and PPC architetures. This requires Xcode 2.1 or later to build. See Mac/README for more information on framework and universal builds. Cygwin: With recent (relative to the time of writing, 2001-12-19) Cygwin installations, there are problems with the interaction of dynamic linking and fork(). This manifests itself in build failures during the execution of setup.py. There are two workarounds that both enable Python (albeit without threading support) to build and pass all tests on NT/2000 (and most likely XP as well, though reports of testing on XP would be appreciated). The workarounds: (a) the band-aid fix is to link the _socket module statically rather than dynamically (which is the default). To do this, run "./configure --with-threads=no" including any other options you need (--prefix, etc.). Then in Modules/Setup uncomment the lines: #SSL=/usr/local/ssl #_socket socketmodule.c \ # -DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \ # -L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto and remove "local/" from the SSL variable. Finally, just run "make"! (b) The "proper" fix is to rebase the Cygwin DLLs to prevent base address conflicts. Details on how to do this can be found in the following mail: http://sources.redhat.com/ml/cygwin/2001-12/msg00894.html It is hoped that a version of this solution will be incorporated into the Cygwin distribution fairly soon. Two additional problems: (1) Threading support should still be disabled due to a known bug in Cygwin pthreads that causes test_threadedtempfile to hang. (2) The _curses module does not build. This is a known Cygwin ncurses problem that should be resolved the next time that this package is released. On older versions of Cygwin, test_poll may hang and test_strftime may fail. The situation on 9X/Me is not accurately known at present. Some time ago, there were reports that the following regression tests failed: test_pwd test_select (hang) test_socket Due to the test_select hang on 9X/Me, one should run the regression test using the following: make TESTOPTS='-l -x test_select' test News regarding these platforms with more recent Cygwin versions would be appreciated! Windows: When executing Python scripts on the command line using file type associations (i.e. starting "script.py" instead of "python script.py"), redirects may not work unless you set a specific registry key. See the Knowledge Base article . Configuring the bsddb and dbm modules ------------------------------------- Beginning with Python version 2.3, the PyBsddb package was adopted into Python as the bsddb package, exposing a set of package-level functions which provide backwards-compatible behavior. Only versions 3.3 through 4.4 of Sleepycat's libraries provide the necessary API, so older versions aren't supported through this interface. The old bsddb module has been retained as bsddb185, though it is not built by default. Users wishing to use it will have to tweak Modules/Setup to build it. The dbm module will still be built against the Sleepycat libraries if other preferred alternatives (ndbm, gdbm) are not found. Building the sqlite3 module --------------------------- To build the sqlite3 module, you'll need the sqlite3 or libsqlite3 packages installed, including the header files. Many modern operating systems distribute the headers in a separate package to the library - often it will be the same name as the main package, but with a -dev or -devel suffix. The version of pysqlite2 that's including in Python needs sqlite3 3.0.8 or later. setup.py attempts to check that it can find a correct version. Configuring threads ------------------- As of Python 2.0, threads are enabled by default. If you wish to compile without threads, or if your thread support is broken, pass the --with-threads=no switch to configure. Unfortunately, on some platforms, additional compiler and/or linker options are required for threads to work properly. Below is a table of those options, collected by Bill Janssen. We would love to automate this process more, but the information below is not enough to write a patch for the configure.ac file, so manual intervention is required. If you patch the configure.ac file and are confident that the patch works, please send in the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure script itself -- it is regenerated each time the configure.ac file changes.) Compiler switches for threads ............................. The definition of _REENTRANT should be configured automatically, if that does not work on your system, or if _REENTRANT is defined incorrectly, please report that as a bug. OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) compile & link SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris -mt SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (nothing) DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE -threads (butenhof@zko.dec.com) Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE -threads (butenhof@zko.dec.com) Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX -pthread (butenhof@zko.dec.com) AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing) (buhrt@iquest.net) AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing) (buhrt@iquest.net) IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing) (robertl@cwi.nl) Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads ........................................... OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc (butenhof@zko.dec.com) Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc (butenhof@zko.dec.com) Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc (butenhof@zko.dec.com) AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing) (buhrt@iquest.net) IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com) Building a shared libpython --------------------------- Starting with Python 2.3, the majority of the interpreter can be built into a shared library, which can then be used by the interpreter executable, and by applications embedding Python. To enable this feature, configure with --enable-shared. If you enable this feature, the same object files will be used to create a static library. In particular, the static library will contain object files using position-independent code (PIC) on platforms where PIC flags are needed for the shared library. Configuring additional built-in modules --------------------------------------- Starting with Python 2.1, the setup.py script at the top of the source distribution attempts to detect which modules can be built and automatically compiles them. Autodetection doesn't always work, so you can still customize the configuration by editing the Modules/Setup file; but this should be considered a last resort. The rest of this section only applies if you decide to edit the Modules/Setup file. You also need this to enable static linking of certain modules (which is needed to enable profiling on some systems). This file is initially copied from Setup.dist by the configure script; if it does not exist yet, create it by copying Modules/Setup.dist yourself (configure will never overwrite it). Never edit Setup.dist -- always edit Setup or Setup.local (see below). Read the comments in the file for information on what kind of edits are allowed. When you have edited Setup in the Modules directory, the interpreter will automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make (in the toplevel directory). Many useful modules can be built on any Unix system, but some optional modules can't be reliably autodetected. Often the quickest way to determine whether a particular module works or not is to see if it will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get compilation or link errors, disable it -- you're either missing support or need to adjust the compilation and linking parameters for that module. On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. These modules will not be built by the setup.py script. In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local. (the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local file. Setting the optimization/debugging options ------------------------------------------ If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the environment when the configure script is run overrides this default (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base set of libraries to link with). When compiling with GCC, the default value of OPT will also include the -Wall and -Wstrict-prototypes options. Additional debugging code to help debug memory management problems can be enabled by using the --with-pydebug option to the configure script. For flags that change binary compatibility, use the EXTRA_CFLAGS variable. Profiling --------- If you want C profiling turned on, the easiest way is to run configure with the CC environment variable to the necessary compiler invocation. For example, on Linux, this works for profiling using gprof(1): CC="gcc -pg" ./configure Note that on Linux, gprof apparently does not work for shared libraries. The Makefile/Setup mechanism can be used to compile and link most extension modules statically. Coverage checking ----------------- For C coverage checking using gcov, run "make coverage". This will build a Python binary with profiling activated, and a ".gcno" and ".gcda" file for every source file compiled with that option. With the built binary, now run the code whose coverage you want to check. Then, you can see coverage statistics for each individual source file by running gcov, e.g. gcov -o Modules zlibmodule This will create a "zlibmodule.c.gcov" file in the current directory containing coverage info for that source file. This works only for source files statically compiled into the executable; use the Makefile/Setup mechanism to compile and link extension modules you want to coverage-check statically. Testing ------- To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory. This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6. By default, tests are prevented from overusing resources like disk space and memory. To enable these tests, run "make testall". IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report, *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the failing test manually, as follows: ./python Lib/test/regrtest.py -v test_whatever (substituting the top of the source tree for '.' if you built in a different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode. Installing ---------- To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page, just type make install This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories of the directory given with the --prefix option to configure or to the `prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local). All binary and other platform-specific files will be installed in subdirectories if the directory given by --exec-prefix or the `exec_prefix' Make variable (defaults to the --prefix directory) is given. If DESTDIR is set, it will be taken as the root directory of the installation, and files will be installed into $(DESTDIR)$(prefix), $(DESTDIR)$(exec_prefix), etc. All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their name, e.g. the library modules are installed in "/usr/local/lib/python/" by default, where is the . release number (e.g. "2.1"). The Python binary is installed as "python" and a hard link named "python" is created. The only file not installed with a version number in its name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1" by default. If you want to install multiple versions of Python see the section below entitled "Installing multiple versions". The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for Emacs found in Misc/python-mode.el. (But then again, more recent versions of Emacs may already have it.) Follow the instructions that came with Emacs for installation of site-specific files. On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note that this installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin. Installing multiple versions ---------------------------- On Unix and Mac systems if you intend to install multiple versions of Python using the same installation prefix (--prefix argument to the configure script) you must take care that your primary python executable is not overwritten by the installation of a different version. All files and directories installed using "make altinstall" contain the major and minor version and can thus live side-by-side. "make install" also creates ${prefix}/bin/python which refers to ${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y. If you intend to install multiple versions using the same prefix you must decide which version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using "make install". Install all other versions using "make altinstall". For example, if you want to install Python 2.5, 2.6 and 3.0 with 2.6 being the primary version, you would execute "make install" in your 2.6 build directory and "make altinstall" in the others. Configuration options and variables ----------------------------------- Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure script. WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule: after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove Modules/getpath.o. --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is installed but broken on your platform, pass the option --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck option. --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib}, you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also affects the default module search path (sys.path), when Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient than re-running the configure script if you change your mind about the install prefix. --with-readline: This option is no longer supported. GNU readline is automatically enabled by setup.py when present. --with-threads: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple threads, and support for this is enabled by default. To disable this, pass --with-threads=no. If the library required for threads lives in a peculiar place, you can use --with-thread=DIRECTORY. IMPORTANT: run "make clean" after changing (either enabling or disabling) this option, or you will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use --with-dec-threads instead. --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z. This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl library) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style shared libraries.) THIS OPTION IS UNSUPPORTED. --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumored to be supported on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a combination of the GNU dynamic loading package (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation can be found at ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call configure, passing it the option --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library. (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic linking using shared libraries.) THIS OPTION IS UNSUPPORTED. --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library (default the empty string) using the options --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. For example, if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C compiler to use the shared C library, you can pass --with-libc=-lc_s. These libraries are passed after all other libraries, the C library last. --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python interpreter is linked against. --with-cxx-main=: If you plan to use C++ extension modules, then -- on some platforms -- you need to compile python's main() function with the C++ compiler. With this option, make will use to compile main() *and* to link the python executable. It is likely that the resulting executable depends on the C++ runtime library of . (The default is --without-cxx-main.) There are platforms that do not require you to build Python with a C++ compiler in order to use C++ extension modules. E.g., x86 Linux with ELF shared binaries and GCC 3.x, 4.x is such a platform. We recommend that you configure Python --without-cxx-main on those platforms because a mismatch between the C++ compiler version used to build Python and to build a C++ extension module is likely to cause a crash at runtime. The Python installation also stores the variable CXX that determines, e.g., the C++ compiler distutils calls by default to build C++ extensions. If you set CXX on the configure command line to any string of non-zero length, then configure won't change CXX. If you do not preset CXX but pass --with-cxx-main=, then configure sets CXX=. In all other cases, configure looks for a C++ compiler by some common names (c++, g++, gcc, CC, cxx, cc++, cl) and sets CXX to the first compiler it finds. If it does not find any C++ compiler, then it sets CXX="". Similarly, if you want to change the command used to link the python executable, then set LINKCC on the configure command line. --with-pydebug: Enable additional debugging code to help track down memory management problems. This allows printing a list of all live objects when the interpreter terminates. --with(out)-universal-newlines: enable reading of text files with foreign newline convention (default: enabled). In other words, any of \r, \n or \r\n is acceptable as end-of-line character. If enabled import and execfile will automatically accept any newline in files. Python code can open a file with open(file, 'U') to read it in universal newline mode. THIS OPTION IS UNSUPPORTED. --with-tsc: Profile using the Pentium timestamping counter (TSC). --with-system-ffi: Build the _ctypes extension module using an ffi library installed on the system. --with-dbmliborder=db1:db2:...: Specify the order that backends for the dbm extension are checked. Valid value is a colon separated string with the backend names `ndbm', `gdbm' and `bdb'. Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature) ------------------------------------------------------------- If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles contain a line VPATH=... which points to a directory containing the actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.) For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python): $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python $ cd /usr/tmp/python $ ~guido/src/python/configure [...] $ make [...] $ Note that configure copies the original Setup file to the build directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local; however this assumes that you only need to add modules.) Also note that you can't use a workspace for VPATH and non VPATH builds. The object files left behind by one version confuses the other. Building on non-UNIX systems ---------------------------- For Windows (2000/NT/ME/98/95), assuming you have MS VC++ 7.1, the project files are in PCbuild, the workspace is pcbuild.dsw. See PCbuild\readme.txt for detailed instructions. For other non-Unix Windows compilers, in particular MS VC++ 6.0 and for OS/2, enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt". For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available, for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to pythonmac-sig-request@python.org). Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these platforms -- see http://www.python.org/. To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file pyconfig.h.in to pyconfig.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone otherwise; however the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant of int if they need to be defined at all. For all platforms, it's important that the build arrange to define the preprocessor symbol NDEBUG on the compiler command line in a release build of Python (else assert() calls remain in the code, hurting release-build performance). The Unix, Windows and Mac builds already do this. Miscellaneous issues ==================== Emacs mode ---------- There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw. The latest version, along with various other contributed Python-related Emacs goodies, is online at http://launchpad.net/python-mode/. Tkinter ------- The setup.py script automatically configures this when it detects a usable Tcl/Tk installation. This requires Tcl/Tk version 8.0 or higher. For more Tkinter information, see the Tkinter Resource page: http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/ There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory. Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which lives in Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter" (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications import only the Python Tkinter module -- only the latter imports the C _tkinter module. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled and linked into the Python interpreter -- the setup.py script does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module, sys.path must be set correctly -- normal installation takes care of this. Distribution structure ---------------------- Most subdirectories have their own README files. Most files have comments. Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs Doc/ Documentation sources (reStructuredText) Grammar/ Input for the parser generator Include/ Public header files LICENSE Licensing information Lib/ Python library modules Mac/ Macintosh specific resources Makefile.pre.in Source from which config.status creates the Makefile.pre Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types PC/ Files specific to PC ports (DOS, Windows, OS/2) PCbuild/ Build directory for Microsoft Visual C++ Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling Python/ The byte-compiler and interpreter README The file you're reading now RISCOS/ Files specific to RISC OS port Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python pyconfig.h.in Source from which pyconfig.h is created (GNU autoheader output) configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output) configure.ac Configuration specification (input for GNU autoconf) install-sh Shell script used to install files setup.py Python script used to build extension modules The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by the configuration and build processes: Makefile Build rules Makefile.pre Build rules before running Modules/makesetup buildno Keeps track of the build number config.cache Cache of configuration variables pyconfig.h Configuration header config.log Log from last configure run config.status Status from last run of the configure script getbuildinfo.o Object file from Modules/getbuildinfo.c libpython.a The library archive python The executable interpreter reflog.txt Output from running the regression suite with the -R flag tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs That's all, folks! ------------------ --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/) ======================================================================== * Tools/pybench/README ======================================================================== ________________________________________________________________________ PYBENCH - A Python Benchmark Suite ________________________________________________________________________ Extendable suite of low-level benchmarks for measuring the performance of the Python implementation (interpreter, compiler or VM). pybench is a collection of tests that provides a standardized way to measure the performance of Python implementations. It takes a very close look at different aspects of Python programs and let's you decide which factors are more important to you than others, rather than wrapping everything up in one number, like the other performance tests do (e.g. pystone which is included in the Python Standard Library). pybench has been used in the past by several Python developers to track down performance bottlenecks or to demonstrate the impact of optimizations and new features in Python. The command line interface for pybench is the file pybench.py. Run this script with option '--help' to get a listing of the possible options. Without options, pybench will simply execute the benchmark and then print out a report to stdout. Micro-Manual ------------ Run 'pybench.py -h' to see the help screen. Run 'pybench.py' to run the benchmark suite using default settings and 'pybench.py -f ' to have it store the results in a file too. It is usually a good idea to run pybench.py multiple times to see whether the environment, timers and benchmark run-times are suitable for doing benchmark tests. You can use the comparison feature of pybench.py ('pybench.py -c ') to check how well the system behaves in comparison to a reference run. If the differences are well below 10% for each test, then you have a system that is good for doing benchmark testings. Of you get random differences of more than 10% or significant differences between the values for minimum and average time, then you likely have some background processes running which cause the readings to become inconsistent. Examples include: web-browsers, email clients, RSS readers, music players, backup programs, etc. If you are only interested in a few tests of the whole suite, you can use the filtering option, e.g. 'pybench.py -t string' will only run/show the tests that have 'string' in their name. This is the current output of pybench.py --help: """ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PYBENCH - a benchmark test suite for Python interpreters/compilers. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Synopsis: pybench.py [option] files... Options and default settings: -n arg number of rounds (10) -f arg save benchmark to file arg () -c arg compare benchmark with the one in file arg () -s arg show benchmark in file arg, then exit () -w arg set warp factor to arg (10) -t arg run only tests with names matching arg () -C arg set the number of calibration runs to arg (20) -d hide noise in comparisons (0) -v verbose output (not recommended) (0) --with-gc enable garbage collection (0) --with-syscheck use default sys check interval (0) --timer arg use given timer (time.time) -h show this help text --help show this help text --debug enable debugging --copyright show copyright --examples show examples of usage Version: 2.0 The normal operation is to run the suite and display the results. Use -f to save them for later reuse or comparisons. Available timers: time.time time.clock systimes.processtime Examples: python2.1 pybench.py -f p21.pybench python2.5 pybench.py -f p25.pybench python pybench.py -s p25.pybench -c p21.pybench """ License ------- See LICENSE file. Sample output ------------- """ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PYBENCH 2.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * using Python 2.4.2 * disabled garbage collection * system check interval set to maximum: 2147483647 * using timer: time.time Calibrating tests. Please wait... Running 10 round(s) of the suite at warp factor 10: * Round 1 done in 6.388 seconds. * Round 2 done in 6.485 seconds. * Round 3 done in 6.786 seconds. ... * Round 10 done in 6.546 seconds. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Benchmark: 2006-06-12 12:09:25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rounds: 10 Warp: 10 Timer: time.time Machine Details: Platform ID: Linux-2.6.8-24.19-default-x86_64-with-SuSE-9.2-x86-64 Processor: x86_64 Python: Executable: /usr/local/bin/python Version: 2.4.2 Compiler: GCC 3.3.4 (pre 3.3.5 20040809) Bits: 64bit Build: Oct 1 2005 15:24:35 (#1) Unicode: UCS2 Test minimum average operation overhead ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BuiltinFunctionCalls: 126ms 145ms 0.28us 0.274ms BuiltinMethodLookup: 124ms 130ms 0.12us 0.316ms CompareFloats: 109ms 110ms 0.09us 0.361ms CompareFloatsIntegers: 100ms 104ms 0.12us 0.271ms CompareIntegers: 137ms 138ms 0.08us 0.542ms CompareInternedStrings: 124ms 127ms 0.08us 1.367ms CompareLongs: 100ms 104ms 0.10us 0.316ms CompareStrings: 111ms 115ms 0.12us 0.929ms CompareUnicode: 108ms 128ms 0.17us 0.693ms ConcatStrings: 142ms 155ms 0.31us 0.562ms ConcatUnicode: 119ms 127ms 0.42us 0.384ms CreateInstances: 123ms 128ms 1.14us 0.367ms CreateNewInstances: 121ms 126ms 1.49us 0.335ms CreateStringsWithConcat: 130ms 135ms 0.14us 0.916ms CreateUnicodeWithConcat: 130ms 135ms 0.34us 0.361ms DictCreation: 108ms 109ms 0.27us 0.361ms DictWithFloatKeys: 149ms 153ms 0.17us 0.678ms DictWithIntegerKeys: 124ms 126ms 0.11us 0.915ms DictWithStringKeys: 114ms 117ms 0.10us 0.905ms ForLoops: 110ms 111ms 4.46us 0.063ms IfThenElse: 118ms 119ms 0.09us 0.685ms ListSlicing: 116ms 120ms 8.59us 0.103ms NestedForLoops: 125ms 137ms 0.09us 0.019ms NormalClassAttribute: 124ms 136ms 0.11us 0.457ms NormalInstanceAttribute: 110ms 117ms 0.10us 0.454ms PythonFunctionCalls: 107ms 113ms 0.34us 0.271ms PythonMethodCalls: 140ms 149ms 0.66us 0.141ms Recursion: 156ms 166ms 3.32us 0.452ms SecondImport: 112ms 118ms 1.18us 0.180ms SecondPackageImport: 118ms 127ms 1.27us 0.180ms SecondSubmoduleImport: 140ms 151ms 1.51us 0.180ms SimpleComplexArithmetic: 128ms 139ms 0.16us 0.361ms SimpleDictManipulation: 134ms 136ms 0.11us 0.452ms SimpleFloatArithmetic: 110ms 113ms 0.09us 0.571ms SimpleIntFloatArithmetic: 106ms 111ms 0.08us 0.548ms SimpleIntegerArithmetic: 106ms 109ms 0.08us 0.544ms SimpleListManipulation: 103ms 113ms 0.10us 0.587ms SimpleLongArithmetic: 112ms 118ms 0.18us 0.271ms SmallLists: 105ms 116ms 0.17us 0.366ms SmallTuples: 108ms 128ms 0.24us 0.406ms SpecialClassAttribute: 119ms 136ms 0.11us 0.453ms SpecialInstanceAttribute: 143ms 155ms 0.13us 0.454ms StringMappings: 115ms 121ms 0.48us 0.405ms StringPredicates: 120ms 129ms 0.18us 2.064ms StringSlicing: 111ms 127ms 0.23us 0.781ms TryExcept: 125ms 126ms 0.06us 0.681ms TryRaiseExcept: 133ms 137ms 2.14us 0.361ms TupleSlicing: 117ms 120ms 0.46us 0.066ms UnicodeMappings: 156ms 160ms 4.44us 0.429ms UnicodePredicates: 117ms 121ms 0.22us 2.487ms UnicodeProperties: 115ms 153ms 0.38us 2.070ms UnicodeSlicing: 126ms 129ms 0.26us 0.689ms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Totals: 6283ms 6673ms """ ________________________________________________________________________ Writing New Tests ________________________________________________________________________ pybench tests are simple modules defining one or more pybench.Test subclasses. Writing a test essentially boils down to providing two methods: .test() which runs .rounds number of .operations test operations each and .calibrate() which does the same except that it doesn't actually execute the operations. Here's an example: ------------------ from pybench import Test class IntegerCounting(Test): # Version number of the test as float (x.yy); this is important # for comparisons of benchmark runs - tests with unequal version # number will not get compared. version = 1.0 # The number of abstract operations done in each round of the # test. An operation is the basic unit of what you want to # measure. The benchmark will output the amount of run-time per # operation. Note that in order to raise the measured timings # significantly above noise level, it is often required to repeat # sets of operations more than once per test round. The measured # overhead per test round should be less than 1 second. operations = 20 # Number of rounds to execute per test run. This should be # adjusted to a figure that results in a test run-time of between # 1-2 seconds (at warp 1). rounds = 100000 def test(self): """ Run the test. The test needs to run self.rounds executing self.operations number of operations each. """ # Init the test a = 1 # Run test rounds # # NOTE: Use xrange() for all test loops unless you want to face # a 20MB process ! # for i in xrange(self.rounds): # Repeat the operations per round to raise the run-time # per operation significantly above the noise level of the # for-loop overhead. # Execute 20 operations (a += 1): a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 a += 1 def calibrate(self): """ Calibrate the test. This method should execute everything that is needed to setup and run the test - except for the actual operations that you intend to measure. pybench uses this method to measure the test implementation overhead. """ # Init the test a = 1 # Run test rounds (without actually doing any operation) for i in xrange(self.rounds): # Skip the actual execution of the operations, since we # only want to measure the test's administration overhead. pass Registering a new test module ----------------------------- To register a test module with pybench, the classes need to be imported into the pybench.Setup module. pybench will then scan all the symbols defined in that module for subclasses of pybench.Test and automatically add them to the benchmark suite. Breaking Comparability ---------------------- If a change is made to any individual test that means it is no longer strictly comparable with previous runs, the '.version' class variable should be updated. Therefafter, comparisons with previous versions of the test will list as "n/a" to reflect the change. Version History --------------- 2.0: rewrote parts of pybench which resulted in more repeatable timings: - made timer a parameter - changed the platform default timer to use high-resolution timers rather than process timers (which have a much lower resolution) - added option to select timer - added process time timer (using systimes.py) - changed to use min() as timing estimator (average is still taken as well to provide an idea of the difference) - garbage collection is turned off per default - sys check interval is set to the highest possible value - calibration is now a separate step and done using a different strategy that allows measuring the test overhead more accurately - modified the tests to each give a run-time of between 100-200ms using warp 10 - changed default warp factor to 10 (from 20) - compared results with timeit.py and confirmed measurements - bumped all test versions to 2.0 - updated platform.py to the latest version - changed the output format a bit to make it look nicer - refactored the APIs somewhat 1.3+: Steve Holden added the NewInstances test and the filtering option during the NeedForSpeed sprint; this also triggered a long discussion on how to improve benchmark timing and finally resulted in the release of 2.0 1.3: initial checkin into the Python SVN repository Have fun, -- Marc-Andre Lemburg mal@lemburg.com ======================================================================== * Tools/scripts/README ======================================================================== This directory contains a collection of executable Python scripts that are useful while building, extending or managing Python. Some (e.g., dutree or lll) are also generally useful UNIX tools. See also the Demo/scripts directory! analyze_dxp.py Analyzes the result of sys.getdxp() byext.py Print lines/words/chars stats of files by extension byteyears.py Print product of a file's size and age checkappend.py Search for multi-argument .append() calls checkpyc.py Check presence and validity of ".pyc" files classfix.py Convert old class syntax to new cleanfuture.py Fix reduntant Python __future__ statements combinerefs.py A helper for analyzing PYTHONDUMPREFS output. copytime.py Copy one file's atime and mtime to another crlf.py Change CRLF line endings to LF (Windows to Unix) cvsfiles.py Print a list of files that are under CVS db2pickle.py Dump a database file to a pickle diff.py Print file diffs in context, unified, or ndiff formats dutree.py Format du(1) output as a tree sorted by size eptags.py Create Emacs TAGS file for Python modules find_recursionlimit.py Find the maximum recursion limit on this machine finddiv.py A grep-like tool that looks for division operators findlinksto.py Recursively find symbolic links to a given path prefix findnocoding.py Find source files which need an encoding declaration fixcid.py Massive identifier substitution on C source files fixdiv.py Tool to fix division operators. fixheader.py Add some cpp magic to a C include file fixnotice.py Fix the copyright notice in source files fixps.py Fix Python scripts' first line (if #!) ftpmirror.py FTP mirror script google.py Open a webbrowser with Google gprof2html.py Transform gprof(1) output into useful HTML h2py.py Translate #define's into Python assignments hotshotmain.py Main program to run script under control of hotshot idle Main program to start IDLE ifdef.py Remove #if(n)def groups from C sources lfcr.py Change LF line endings to CRLF (Unix to Windows) linktree.py Make a copy of a tree with links to original files lll.py Find and list symbolic links in current directory logmerge.py Consolidate CVS/RCS logs read from stdin mailerdaemon.py parse error messages from mailer daemons (Sjoerd&Jack) md5sum.py Print MD5 checksums of argument files. methfix.py Fix old method syntax def f(self, (a1, ..., aN)): mkreal.py Turn a symbolic link into a real file or directory ndiff.py Intelligent diff between text files (Tim Peters) nm2def.py Create a template for PC/python_nt.def (Marc Lemburg) objgraph.py Print object graph from nm output on a library parseentities.py Utility for parsing HTML entity definitions pathfix.py Change #!/usr/local/bin/python into something else pdeps.py Print dependencies between Python modules pickle2db.py Load a pickle generated by db2pickle.py to a database pindent.py Indent Python code, giving block-closing comments ptags.py Create vi tags file for Python modules pydoc Python documentation browser. pysource.py Find Python source files redemo.py Basic regular expression demonstration facility reindent.py Change .py files to use 4-space indents. rgrep.py Reverse grep through a file (useful for big logfiles) serve.py Small wsgiref-based web server, used in make serve in Doc setup.py Install all scripts listed here suff.py Sort a list of files by suffix svneol.py Sets svn:eol-style on all files in directory texcheck.py Validate Python LaTeX formatting (Raymond Hettinger) texi2html.py Convert GNU texinfo files into HTML treesync.py Synchronize source trees (very ideosyncratic) untabify.py Replace tabs with spaces in argument files which.py Find a program in $PATH xxci.py Wrapper for rcsdiff and ci ======================================================================== * Doc/copyright.rst ======================================================================== ********* Copyright ********* Python and this documentation is: Copyright © 2001-2013 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1995-2000 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. ------- See :ref:`history-and-license` for complete license and permissions information. ======================================================================== * Doc/license.rst ======================================================================== .. highlightlang:: none .. _history-and-license: ******************* History and License ******************* History of the software ======================= Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl/) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python's principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations (now Zope Corporation; see http://www.zope.com/). In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see http://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation is a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see http://www.opensource.org/ for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | Release | Derived from | Year | Owner | GPL compatible? | +================+==============+===========+============+=================+ | 0.9.0 thru 1.2 | n/a | 1991-1995 | CWI | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 1.3 thru 1.5.2 | 1.2 | 1995-1999 | CNRI | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 1.6 | 1.5.2 | 2000 | CNRI | no | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2000 | BeOpen.com | no | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 1.6.1 | 1.6 | 2001 | CNRI | no | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.1 | 2.0+1.6.1 | 2001 | PSF | no | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.0.1 | 2.0+1.6.1 | 2001 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.1.1 | 2.1+2.0.1 | 2001 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.2 | 2.1.1 | 2001 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.1.2 | 2.1.1 | 2002 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.1.3 | 2.1.2 | 2002 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.2.1 | 2.2 | 2002 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.2.2 | 2.2.1 | 2002 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.2.3 | 2.2.2 | 2002-2003 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.3 | 2.2.2 | 2002-2003 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.3.1 | 2.3 | 2002-2003 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.3.2 | 2.3.1 | 2003 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.3.3 | 2.3.2 | 2003 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.3.4 | 2.3.3 | 2004 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.3.5 | 2.3.4 | 2005 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2004 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.4.1 | 2.4 | 2005 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.4.2 | 2.4.1 | 2005 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.4.3 | 2.4.2 | 2006 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.4.4 | 2.4.3 | 2006 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2006 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.5.1 | 2.5 | 2007 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.5.2 | 2.5.1 | 2008 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.5.3 | 2.5.2 | 2008 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2008 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.6.1 | 2.6 | 2008 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.6.2 | 2.6.1 | 2009 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.6.3 | 2.6.2 | 2009 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.6.4 | 2.6.3 | 2010 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2010 | PSF | yes | +----------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+ .. note:: GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ============================================================ .. centered:: PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON |release| #. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python |release| software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. #. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python |release| alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001-2013 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python |release| alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. #. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python |release| or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python |release|. #. PSF is making Python |release| available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON |release| WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. #. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON |release| FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON |release|, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. #. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. #. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. #. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python |release|, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. .. centered:: BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 .. centered:: BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 #. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). #. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. #. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. #. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. #. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. #. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. #. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. .. centered:: CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 #. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. #. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the Internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the Internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013." #. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. #. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. #. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. #. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. #. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. #. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. .. centered:: ACCEPT .. centered:: CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ======================================================= This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ---------------- The :mod:`_random` module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html. The following are the verbatim comments from the original code:: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ------- The :mod:`socket` module uses the functions, :func:`getaddrinfo`, and :func:`getnameinfo`, which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, http://www.wide.ad.jp/. :: Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND GAI_ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR GAI_ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON GAI_ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN GAI_ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Floating point exception control -------------------------------- The source for the :mod:`fpectl` module includes the following notice:: --------------------------------------------------------------------- / Copyright (c) 1996. \ | The Regents of the University of California. | | All rights reserved. | | | | Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for | | any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this en- | | tire notice is included in all copies of any software which is or | | includes a copy or modification of this software and in all | | copies of the supporting documentation for such software. | | | | This work was produced at the University of California, Lawrence | | Livermore National Laboratory under contract no. W-7405-ENG-48 | | between the U.S. Department of Energy and The Regents of the | | University of California for the operation of UC LLNL. | | | | DISCLAIMER | | | | This software was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an | | agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States | | Government nor the University of California nor any of their em- | | ployees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any | | liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or | | usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process | | disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe | | privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commer- | | cial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, | | manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or | | imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United | | States Government or the University of California. The views and | | opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or | | reflect those of the United States Government or the University | | of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product | \ endorsement purposes. / --------------------------------------------------------------------- MD5 message digest algorithm ---------------------------- The source code for the :mod:`md5` module contains the following notice:: Copyright (C) 1999, 2002 Aladdin Enterprises. All rights reserved. This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. L. Peter Deutsch ghost@aladdin.com Independent implementation of MD5 (RFC 1321). This code implements the MD5 Algorithm defined in RFC 1321, whose text is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt The code is derived from the text of the RFC, including the test suite (section A.5) but excluding the rest of Appendix A. It does not include any code or documentation that is identified in the RFC as being copyrighted. The original and principal author of md5.h is L. Peter Deutsch . Other authors are noted in the change history that follows (in reverse chronological order): 2002-04-13 lpd Removed support for non-ANSI compilers; removed references to Ghostscript; clarified derivation from RFC 1321; now handles byte order either statically or dynamically. 1999-11-04 lpd Edited comments slightly for automatic TOC extraction. 1999-10-18 lpd Fixed typo in header comment (ansi2knr rather than md5); added conditionalization for C++ compilation from Martin Purschke . 1999-05-03 lpd Original version. Asynchronous socket services ---------------------------- The :mod:`asynchat` and :mod:`asyncore` modules contain the following notice:: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ----------------- The :mod:`Cookie` module contains the following notice:: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ----------------- The :mod:`trace` module contains the following notice:: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ------------------------------- The :mod:`uu` module contains the following notice:: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls -------------------------- The :mod:`xmlrpclib` module contains the following notice:: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ---------- The :mod:`test_epoll` contains the following notice:: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ------------- The :mod:`select` and contains the following notice for the kqueue interface:: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. strtod and dtoa --------------- The file :file:`Python/dtoa.c`, which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from http://www.netlib.org/fp/. The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice:: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ------- The modules :mod:`hashlib`, :mod:`posix`, :mod:`ssl`, :mod:`crypt` use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows installers for Python include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here:: LICENSE ISSUES ============== The OpenSSL toolkit stays under a dual license, i.e. both the conditions of the OpenSSL License and the original SSLeay license apply to the toolkit. See below for the actual license texts. Actually both licenses are BSD-style Open Source licenses. In case of any license issues related to OpenSSL please contact openssl-core@openssl.org. OpenSSL License --------------- /* ==================================================================== * Copyright (c) 1998-2008 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in * the documentation and/or other materials provided with the * distribution. * * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this * software must display the following acknowledgment: * "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project * for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)" * * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to * endorse or promote products derived from this software without * prior written permission. For written permission, please contact * openssl-core@openssl.org. * * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL" * nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written * permission of the OpenSSL Project. * * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following * acknowledgment: * "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project * for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)" * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. * ==================================================================== * * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young * (eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com). * */ Original SSLeay License ----------------------- /* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) * All rights reserved. * * This package is an SSL implementation written * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com). * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL. * * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as * the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA, * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com). * * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in * the code are not to be removed. * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution * as the author of the parts of the library used. * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software * must display the following acknowledgement: * "This product includes cryptographic software written by * Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)" * The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library * being used are not cryptographic related :-). * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from * the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement: * "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)" * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. * * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or * derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be * copied and put under another distribution licence * [including the GNU Public Licence.] */ expat ----- The :mod:`pyexpat` extension is built using an included copy of the expat sources unless the build is configured ``--with-system-expat``:: Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. libffi ------ The :mod:`_ctypes` extension is built using an included copy of the libffi sources unless the build is configured ``--with-system-libffi``:: Copyright (c) 1996-2008 Red Hat, Inc and others. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. zlib ---- The :mod:`zlib` extension is built using an included copy of the zlib sources if the zlib version found on the system is too old to be used for the build:: Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required. 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software. 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Jean-loup Gailly Mark Adler jloup@gzip.org madler@alumni.caltech.edu ======================================================================== * LICENSE ======================================================================== A. HISTORY OF THE SOFTWARE ========================== Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python's principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations (now Zope Corporation, see http://www.zope.com). In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see http://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation is a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see http://www.opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived Year Owner GPL- from compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.2 2.1.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2.1 2.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2.2 2.2.1 2002 PSF yes 2.2.3 2.2.2 2003 PSF yes 2.3 2.2.2 2002-2003 PSF yes 2.3.1 2.3 2002-2003 PSF yes 2.3.2 2.3.1 2002-2003 PSF yes 2.3.3 2.3.2 2002-2003 PSF yes 2.3.4 2.3.3 2004 PSF yes 2.3.5 2.3.4 2005 PSF yes 2.4 2.3 2004 PSF yes 2.4.1 2.4 2005 PSF yes 2.4.2 2.4.1 2005 PSF yes 2.4.3 2.4.2 2006 PSF yes 2.4.4 2.4.3 2006 PSF yes 2.5 2.4 2006 PSF yes 2.5.1 2.5 2007 PSF yes 2.5.2 2.5.1 2008 PSF yes 2.5.3 2.5.2 2008 PSF yes 2.6 2.5 2008 PSF yes 2.6.1 2.6 2008 PSF yes 2.6.2 2.6.1 2009 PSF yes 2.6.3 2.6.2 2009 PSF yes 2.6.4 2.6.3 2009 PSF yes 2.6.5 2.6.4 2010 PSF yes 2.7 2.6 2010 PSF yes Footnotes: (1) GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't. (2) According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman's lawyer has told CNRI's lawyer that 1.6.1 is "not incompatible" with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's direction to make these releases possible. B. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ACCESSING OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON =============================================================== PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 -------------------------------------------- 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ------------------------------------------- BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 --------------------------------------- 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the Internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the Internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. ACCEPT CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 -------------------------------------------------- Copyright (c) 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ======================================================================== * Modules/_ctypes/darwin/LICENSE ======================================================================== Copyright (c) 2002 Jorge Acereda & Peter O'Gorman Portions may be copyright others, see the AUTHORS file included with this distribution. Maintained by Peter O'Gorman Bug Reports and other queries should go to Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ======================================================================== * Modules/_ctypes/libffi/LICENSE ======================================================================== libffi - Copyright (c) 1996-2012 Anthony Green, Red Hat, Inc and others. See source files for details. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ======================================================================== * Modules/_ctypes/libffi_msvc/LICENSE, Modules/_ctypes/libffi_osx/LICENSE ======================================================================== libffi - Copyright (c) 1996-2003 Red Hat, Inc. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL CYGNUS SOLUTIONS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ======================================================================== * Modules/expat/COPYING ======================================================================== Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd and Clark Cooper Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Expat maintainers. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. ======================================================================== * Tools/pybench/LICENSE ======================================================================== pybench License --------------- This copyright notice and license applies to all files in the pybench directory of the pybench distribution. Copyright (c), 1997-2006, Marc-Andre Lemburg (mal@lemburg.com) Copyright (c), 2000-2006, eGenix.com Software GmbH (info@egenix.com) All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee or royalty is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation or portions thereof, including modifications, that you make. THE AUTHOR MARC-ANDRE LEMBURG DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE !